Ancient Termite Nests Uncovered in Calitzdorp

Peculiar subterranean columns spotted two decades ago near Calitzdorp in the Little Karoo were initially thought to be cooking ovens constructed by early humans.

However, an investigation launched in 2021 by University of Cape Town scientists unveiled a startling reality: they are fossilised nests constructed by an extinct termite.

Formally named Columnanidus calitzdorpensis, these cylindrical trace fossils date back 323 000 to 401 000 years to the Middle Pleistocene epoch. Eight specimens were located at a solitary site, each descending roughly one metre downward and spanning 65 centimetres across. Advanced CT scans exposed a hollow core surrounded by an elaborate network of subterranean passages.

Remarkably, these fragile architectures survived through calcretisation. Insect activity triggered calcium carbonate and other mineral deposits to permeate the construction sand, turning the soil into rock long after the soft-bodied creators perished.

Beyond demonstrating sophisticated prehistoric architecture, the findings illuminate the region’s ancient climate and ecosystems. As lead researcher Dr Miengah Abrahams noted: “Trace fossils help us better understand evolutionary changes of ancient animals through time.”

A specimen is exhibited at the Calitzdorp Museum, whilst researchers prepare to survey similar fossilised insect dwellings elsewhere across South Africa.

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